SOME TERMS LEARNT IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CLASS

cognitive dissonance

noun

PSYCHOLOGY

1. the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioural decisions and attitude change. Cognition is defined as the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Or, a perception, sensation, idea or intuition resulting from the process of cognition. Dissonance is defined as lack of harmony or agreement between people or things.

1. Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.

2. Hindsight bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindsight_bias

The Paleo Diet is largely based on Comfirmation bias. A lot of research or non-research have been ignored.

In psychology and cognitive science, confirmation bias (or confirmatory bias) is a tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions, leading to statistical errors.

1. Confirmation bias - Science Daily

   www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/confirmation_bias.htm

This is a story about turning a poor woman into a high-class socialite. In the end, she believes that she is indeed from that class and went along with living that role instead of playing it.

1. 

   One of the first movies to be based on the Pygmalion effect was 'Pymgalion'. It later spinned off into other movies with the same plot like 'My Fair Lady' and in my opinion, also 'Pretty Woman'.

   
   In some versions of the

2. Pygmalion - Definition and More from the Free Merriam ...

   www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Pygmalion
3. The Pygmalion effect is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy where if you think something will happen, you may unconsciously make it happen through your actions or inaction.

4. Pygmalion Effect: Definition, Examples & Quiz | Education ...

   education-portal.com/.../pygmalion-effect-definition-examples-quiz.html

1. Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the losing of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention (see below). Sociologists also study the phenomenon of deindividuation, but the level of analysis is somewhat different.

2. Deindividuation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation
3. lynch
   lɪn(t)ʃ/

   verb

   gerund or present participle: lynching; noun: lynching

   1. (of a group of people) kill (someone) for an alleged offence without a legal trial, especially by hanging.

      "her father had been lynched by whites"

      synonyms:

      hang, hang by the neck; More

   This is an example of a large scale lynching, The WACO Horror.

• The Stanford Prison Experiment is a base example of a lot of movies and one of them namely 'The Experiment'.
• People are more productive when they work in groups.
• When in a group, one effective way to minimise conflict is to have the lower hierarchy speak first.In an Abilene paradox a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of many (or all) of the individuals in the group.

1. Abilene paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_paradox

Change blindness is a surprising perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.

Change blindness - 

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_blindness

The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present. The probability of help is inversely related to the number of bystanders.

PRINCIPLES NEGOTIATION

1. Separate the problem from the people.
2. Focus on underlying interests rather than positions.
3. Generate a variety of options before deciding what to do.
4. Insist that the result be based on some objective standard.

SOME WAYS TO TAKE THE THIRD SIDE

1. In mediation a third party works to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions. This is like having your boss or head of family settle an argument.
2. In arbitration a third party studies both sides of a conflict and imposes a settlement. This is like in a legal court.

• In binding arbitration the 2 sides agree in advance to accept whatever solution the arbitrator decides. 
• In final offer arbitration each side submits its best offer, and the arbitrator chooses which one will be accepted.

SOME CORRELATES OF EMPATHY

1. People high in empathy not only tend to be less prejudiced and aggressive, but they and their life partners report higher levels of relationship satisfaction.
2. People high in empathy are more likely to intervene in emergency situations.
3. People high in cognitive empathy tend to reach better negotiated outcomes.

IMPACT BIAS

It is our tendency to overestimate our emotional reaction to future events. Research shows that most of the time we don't feel as bad as we expect to when things go wrong.

THE BYSTANDER EFFECT

The bystander effect, bystander apathy, is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present. The probability of help is inversely related to the number of bystanders.

WHAT HAVE I LEARNT IN MY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY CLASS

1. That by practising empathy can help myself in the long run in terms of my happiness level and as well as my negotiation skills.
2. To be proactive as I have now understood the Bystander Effect and the Abilene Paradox.
3. To take the third side as much as I can and not be emotionally clouded by my judgement.
4. That the Pygmalion Effect works and I could use this to enhance some aspects of my life.
5. That psychology plays a big part in advertising communication and it is important to understand it and learn from it in order to better communication. I love this video.
6. Meditation helps in activating more brain activity and can help with increasing happiness and focus in the long run.

THE SCIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGY OF YES

1. RECIPROCITY – Obligation to give when you receive. If you give freebies or tips, you will be likely to get some things back. Giving first, be the number 1 giver. It will increase your sphere of influence. 
2. SCARCITY – People want MORE of those things there are less of.  The benefits and what is unique.
3. AUTHORITY – People will follow credible and knowledgeable experts. This is a measure of success.There is always someone who is smarter and better than you. You will trust a doctor more if there are qualifications on the wall for example.
4. CONSISTENCY – Looking for and asking for commitments that can be made. You cannot ask someone on the street to give you money immediately. Small commitments are more inclined and then it leads to bigger commitments. Example, a small freebie only asked for an email in the database, more communication and eventual ask for monetary commitment is less daunting for them as it is coaxed slowly. 
5. LIKING – 3 important factors. People who are similar to us, who pay us compliments, who cooperate with us.
6. CONSENSUS – People will look to the actions of others to determine their own. This is tribalism. Testimonials and stories that proves similarities bring people together. There is an example which is not the video but I will find it somewhere soon. It was an example of messaging in a hotel where they are implementing reuse of towels. A simple 'Please place your towels on the hook if you want to use it again' does not work as well as 'Resusing your towels will help save XXX of water and energy and be responsible to our planet.' That is still not as powerful as '75% of our guests reuse their towel to be responsible to our planet. Join in.' Those are not the exact words and I am a terrible copywriter, but you get the gist.